Finding aid for the Clifford W. Henderson National Air Races Collection

Biography of Clifford W. Henderson and History of the National Air Races

Clifford William Henderson (1895-1984) was managing director of the National Air Races from 1928 until 1939. Known for his showmanship and promotional talent, he was called a "master of ballyhoo" and a "roman candle promoter." A 1936 National Air Races press release gives Henderson's "genius for organization. . . full credit for the development of this great international aviation sports classic" including the original conceptions of the Bendix, Thompson, Shell and Aerol trophies. Henderson was born in the Quaker colony of Lenox, Iowa, the son of a druggist. He moved to California when he was fourteen years old as part of the first transcontinental trip by motor truck, riding a mascot from Colorado to San Francisco. From an early age he showed an inclination for promotion and organization, producing circuses and shows among his friends. When an air meet was held near Los Angeles in 1910, it inspired young Henderson to organize a model plane building contest. He later worked his way through high school and college with his own small dance band, graduating from the University of Southern California in 1917. He enlisted as an ambulance driver in World War I, and transferred to the Air Corps just before the Armistice. After the war he bough an old "Jenny" plane from the government, flying solo after four hours of instruction. In 1924 he managed his first air show, arranging the departure from and return to Santa Monica of the United States Army round-the-world tour. He went on to manage local air races in Santa Monica and Los Angeles until he was hired to promote the 1928 National Air Races at Los Angeles. His work at this event brought him success and national prominence. Henderson continued to organize other air races and expositions along with the National Air Races. These included the Western Aircraft Show of 1929, the New York Aircraft Salon of 1930, and the Pan-American International Air Races of 1934. However, his consistent commitment was to the National Air Races which he successfully staged annually from 1928 until the races were suspended after 1939 due to the outbreak of World War II in Europe. In 1935 Henderson and his brother Phil (business manager of the National Air Races) built the Pan Pacific Civic Auditorium in Los Angeles. After resigning from the Air Races in 1939, they managed and promoted sporting and cultural events, expositions, and conventions there. During World War II, Henderson again volunteered for service in the Air Corps, rising to the rank of colonel and eventually becoming military commissioner at Dakar in North Africa. He received l'Ordre de l'Etoile Noire du Benin from the government of French West Africa for his wartime service. Following the war, Henderson founded the community of Palm Desert near Palm Springs, California, in 1946. He maintained his interest in aviation in later years and was made a member of the Aviation Hall of Fame in 1972. He was named an "elder statesman of aviation" by the National Aeronautic Association in 1976, and in the same year was presented with the Aerospace Trophy by the International Order of Characters. Henderson died at Rancho Mirage, near Palm Desert, on March 26, 1984, survived by his wife, the former actress Marian Marsh.

The National Air Races were a major public spectacle and sporting event and an aviation industry testing ground throughout the 1930s.

Almost from the beginning of manned flight, there were air races and exhibitions of skills, stunts, and equipment, but they were, until the late 1920s, loosely organized, sporadic events. From 1920 until 1928, air meets were held in, among other places, Omaha, Detroit, St. Louis, Dayton, and Philadelphia.

In 1922 the National Aeronautic Association was established in Detroit, Michigan, and began to organize these various races and meets into a single body which became the National Air Races. The 1928 Los Angeles meet began the great era of the National Air Races. It involved hundreds of airplanes, a half million spectators, and a ten-day program of races, exhibits, and stunts.

At this time in Cleveland, Ohio, the Municipal airport had recently been completed. A group of Cleveland businessmen, seeking a vehicle to focus the eyes of the world on Cleveland as an aviation center, visited Los Angeles to attend the races. Impressed with the event, they arranged to bring the 1929 Races to Cleveland under Henderson's management. Most of the races over the next ten years were held in Cleveland, the exceptions being 1933 and 1936 in Los Angeles, and 1930 in Chicago.

During this period, the policy and general control of the National Air Races were vested in a Board of Directors numbering 101. The Cleveland Chamber of Commerce and other civic organizations participated in promoting and backing the event. Any income from the non-profit races was turned back into a fund for the advancement of aviation in Cleveland.

During their golden era, 1928-1939, the National Air Races attracted the participation of such noted aviators as Charles Lindbergh, Amelia Earhart, Jimmie Doolittle, and Roscoe Turner in events such as the races for the Thompson, Bendix, and Greve trophies. The program regularly included cross country races, short races, army and navy maneuvers, stunt flying, parachute jumping, gliders, dirigibles, balloons, and model planes.

The National Air Races were considered a "working laboratory" for the aviation industry where new planes, equipment, engines, and fuels were tested before coming into general use. A few refinements tested in this way include controllable pitch propellers, streamlined landing wheel pants, retractable landing gear, landing flaps, high octane fuels, and engine supercharging.

Additionally, the races were also used to further public acceptance of and confidence in commercial air transportation, emphasizing the development of "safety, speed, economy and comfort."

After 1939, and for the duration of World War II, there were no National Air Races. It was not until 1946 that the races were resumed. The postwar races, however, were much different without Henderson's management. They were also affected by changing times and technology, including jet, rocket, and supersonic craft. Ever faster speeds began to make closed-course races dangerous and, eventually, obsolete. This fact was underscored by a tragic crash in 1949 in Cleveland which caused public concern leading to changes in the format and location of the races. In 1950 the Bendix transcontinental dash from Los Angeles to Cleveland and the Thompson free-for-all pylon race were discontinued, marking the end of a colorful era in aviation history.

click here to view the Encyclopedia of Cleveland History entry for the National Air Races

Scope and Content

The Clifford W. Henderson National Air Races Collection, 1924-1983 and undated, is a comprehensive body of documentary evidence reflecting the organization and implementation of the races, consisting of press releases, letters, programs, posters, tickets, buttons, and newspaper and magazine clippings. Photographic and electrostatic copies of oversize materials (mostly posters) and buttons and badges are included in these standard sized files. Because of their size or composition, the originals are stored in oversize containers or elsewhere in the Western Reserve Historical Society Research Center.

This collection is useful for studying the National Air Races either as a popular amusement or as an aviation industry activity concerned with research, development, and marketing. The collection contains an excellent sampling of the graphic design and illustration of the period in the form of posters, tickets, and programs. Press releases, letters, and administrative material provide information about the promotion and organization of large national events in the 1930s. Lists of exhibitors and contestants and race results are to be found here as well as biographical information on the fliers, including a large number of women aviators. This collection is also useful for researchers studying the history of Cleveland, Ohio, and the aviation industry there in the 1920s and 1930s.

Statement of Arrangement

Restrictions on Access

While there are no access restrictions on this collection, researchers will be asked to use the microfilm of this collection.

Indexing Terms

The following terms have been used to index the description of this collection in the library's online public access catalog.

Subjects:

Preferred Citation

[Container ___, Folder ___ ] MS 4309 Clifford W. Henderson National Air Races Collection, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, Ohio

Acquisition Information

Clifford W. Henderson Family Trust, DTD March 19, 1973, in 1985.

Processing Information

Processed by Daniel T. Postotnik in 1988. Microfilmed by Michael McCormick and Robert Ray in 1988.

Detailed Description of The Collection